Growing Black-Eyed Peas in Missouri

Growing Black-Eyed Peas in Missouri

Black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiculata), also known as cowpeas, are a warm-season crop that thrives in hot weather. In Missouri, where summers are typically long, warm, and humid, black-eyed peas can grow exceptionally well. This guide will walk you through the steps for successfully growing black-eyed peas in Missouri.

1. Choosing the Right Variety

There are several varieties of black-eyed peas, and they all generally do well in Missouri’s warm climate. Some popular options include:

• California Blackeye: A common variety that’s heat-tolerant and produces large, flavorful peas.
• Queen Anne: A variety known for its shorter growing season, making it ideal for gardeners who may experience variable weather.
• Pinkeye Purple Hull: Known for its flavorful peas and adaptability to warm climates.

2. Planting Season

In Missouri, black-eyed peas should be planted after the last frost date, usually around mid-to-late April to early May, depending on your specific region. These plants thrive when soil temperatures reach around 65°F and continue to grow well throughout the summer.

Planting Tips:

• Direct sow the seeds in the garden once the soil is warm.
• Plant seeds 1 inch deep and about 3-4 inches apart in rows that are 2-3 feet apart.
• Thin seedlings to 6 inches apart once they emerge.

3. Soil and Sunlight Requirements

Black-eyed peas prefer well-draining, loamy soil but can also tolerate a range of soil types, including sandy or slightly clay soils. They thrive in full sunlight, requiring at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day.

Soil Preparation:

• Before planting, work compost or well-rotted manure into the soil to improve its fertility.
• Black-eyed peas are legumes, so they are capable of fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere into the soil. However, starting with healthy, nutrient-rich soil will give your plants the best possible start.

4. Watering and Mulching

Black-eyed peas are drought-tolerant once established but need regular watering during the early stages of growth, especially in Missouri’s sometimes unpredictable spring weather.

Watering Tips:

• Water deeply and less frequently, allowing the soil to dry out between waterings.
• During dry spells in summer, provide about 1 inch of water per week.

Mulching around the base of the plants can help retain soil moisture and reduce weed competition. Apply a 2-3 inch layer of straw, grass clippings, or other organic mulch.

5. Weeding and Fertilization

Weeds can compete with young black-eyed pea plants, so it’s important to keep the garden bed weed-free during the early stages of growth. Once the plants are established, their vining growth will naturally shade out many weeds.

Black-eyed peas are light feeders, so they don’t require heavy fertilization. A light application of a balanced fertilizer at planting is often sufficient, especially if the soil is already rich in nutrients.

6. Pests and Diseases

In Missouri, common pests that can affect black-eyed peas include aphids, spider mites, and cowpea curculio. Use insecticidal soap or neem oil to control small infestations. For larger infestations, consider introducing beneficial insects such as ladybugs.

Black-eyed peas are generally resistant to most diseases, but they can occasionally be affected by fungal issues in humid weather. To prevent this:

• Avoid overhead watering, and water at the base of the plants.
• Ensure good air circulation by not overcrowding your plants.

7. Harvesting

Black-eyed peas are usually ready for harvest 70-85 days after planting. In Missouri, this typically means harvesting from late July through September.

Harvesting Tips:

• For fresh black-eyed peas, pick the pods when they are green and tender.
• For dried peas, allow the pods to mature on the plant until they turn brown and brittle. Then, harvest and shell the peas.

Conclusion

With Missouri’s hot summers, black-eyed peas thrive, making them an excellent addition to home gardens. By following these simple steps, you can enjoy fresh or dried black-eyed peas throughout the season. Whether growing for culinary purposes or as a cover crop to enrich your soil, black-eyed peas are a versatile and rewarding choice for Missouri gardeners.